1. Fasano A, Lozano AM. Deep brain stimulation for movement disorders: 2015 and beyond. Curr Opin Neurol 2015;28:423-36
3. Kuncel AM, Grill WM. Selection of stimulus parameters for deep brain stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115:2431-41
4. Picillo M, Lozano AM, Kou N, Puppi Munhoz R, Fasano A. Programming deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: the Toronto Western Hospital algorithms. Brain Stimul 2016;9:425-37
7. Udupa K, Chen R. The mechanisms of action of deep brain stimulation and ideas for the future development. Prog Neurobiol 2015;133:27-49
9. Parent A, Hazrati LN. Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 1995;20:91-127
10. Parent M, Parent A. The pallidofugal motor fiber system in primates. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2004;10:203-11
11. Plaha P, Ben-Shlomo Y, Patel NK, Gill SS. Stimulation of the caudal zona incerta is superior to stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in improving contralateral parkinsonism. Brain 2006;129(Pt 7):1732-47
12. Benabid AL, Pollak P, Louveau A, Henry S, de Rougemont J. Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease. Appl Neurophysiol 1987;50:344-6
13. Beurrier C, Bioulac B, Audin J, Hammond C. High-frequency stimulation produces a transient blockade of voltage-gated currents in subthalamic neurons. J Neurophysiol 2001;85:1351-6
15. Hammond C, Ammari R, Bioulac B, Garcia L. Latest view on the mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation. Mov Disord 2008;23:2111-21
16. McIntyre CC, Savasta M, Walter BL, Vitek JL. How does deep brain stimulation work? Present understanding and future questions. J Clin Neurophysiol 2004;21:40-50
17. Ranck JB Jr. Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: a review. Brain Res 1975;98:417-40
18. Rattay F. The basic mechanism for the electrical stimulation of the nervous system. Neuroscience 1999;89:335-46
19. Benazzouz A, Gao DM, Ni ZG, Piallat B, Bouali-Benazzouz R, Benabid AL. Effect of high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on the neuronal activities of the substantia nigra pars reticulata and ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus in the rat. Neuroscience 2000;99:289-95
22. Montgomery EB Jr. Effects of GPi stimulation on human thalamic neuronal activity. Clin Neurophysiol 2006;117:2691-702
23. Moro E, Esselink RJ, Xie J, Hommel M, Benabid AL, Pollak P. The impact on Parkinson’s disease of electrical parameter settings in STN stimulation. Neurology 2002;59:706-13
24. Starr PA, Christine CW, Theodosopoulos PV, Lindsey N, Byrd D, Mosley A, et al. Implantation of deep brain stimulators into the subthalamic nucleus: technical approach and magnetic resonance imaging-verified lead locations. J Neurosurg 2002;97:370-87
25. Cleary DR, Raslan AM, Rubin JE, Bahgat D, Viswanathan A, Heinricher MM, et al. Deep brain stimulation entrains local neuronal firing in human globus pallidus internus. J Neurophysiol 2013;109:978-87
26. Lozano AM, Lipsman N. Probing and regulating dysfunctional circuits using deep brain stimulation. Neuron 2013;77:406-24
27. Windels F, Bruet N, Poupard A, Feuerstein C, Bertrand A, Savasta M. Influence of the frequency parameter on extracellular glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid in substantia nigra and globus pallidus during electrical stimulation of subthalamic nucleus in rats. J Neurosci Res 2003;72:259-67
28. Anderson ME, Postupna N, Ruffo M. Effects of high-frequency stimulation in the internal globus pallidus on the activity of thalamic neurons in the awake monkey. J Neurophysiol 2003;89:1150-60
30. Li Q, Qian ZM, Arbuthnott GW, Ke Y, Yung WH. Cortical effects of deep brain stimulation: implications for pathogenesis and treatment of Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol 2014;71:100-3
32. Li Q, Ke Y, Chan DC, Qian ZM, Yung KK, Ko H, et al. Therapeutic deep brain stimulation in Parkinsonian rats directly influences motor cortex. Neuron 2012;76:1030-41
36. Weinberger M, Hutchison WD, Alavi M, Hodaie M, Lozano AM, Moro E, et al. Oscillatory activity in the globus pallidus internus: comparison between Parkinson’s disease and dystonia. Clin Neurophysiol 2012;123:358-68
37. Butson CR, McIntyre CC. Tissue and electrode capacitance reduce neural activation volumes during deep brain stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2005;116:2490-500
38. Butson CR, Cooper SE, Henderson JM, McIntyre CC. Patient-specific analysis of the volume of tissue activated during deep brain stimulation. Neuroimage 2007;34:661-70
39. Cheung T, Noecker AM, Alterman RL, McIntyre CC, Tagliati M. Defining a therapeutic target for pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonia. Ann Neurol 2014;76:22-30
40. Miocinovic S, Lempka SF, Russo GS, Maks CB, Butson CR, Sakaie KE, et al. Experimental and theoretical characterization of the voltage distribution generated by deep brain stimulation. Exp Neurol 2009;216:166-76
41. Godinho F, Thobois S, Magnin M, Guenot M, Polo G, Benatru I, et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease : anatomical and electrophysiological localization of active contacts. J Neurol 2006;253:1347-55
42. Saint-Cyr JA, Hoque T, Pereira LC, Dostrovsky JO, Hutchison WD, Mikulis DJ, et al. Localization of clinically effective stimulating electrodes in the human subthalamic nucleus on magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 2002;97:1152-66
43. Molnar G, Barolat G. Principles of cord activation during spinal cord stimulation. Neuromodulation 2014;17 Suppl 1:12-21
45. Huh R, Chung M. Electrophysiological interpretations of the clinical response to stimulation parameters of pallidal deep brain stimulation for cervical dystonia. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2016;158:2029-38
46. Chung M, Huh R. Different clinical course of pallidal deep brain stimulation for phasic- and tonic-type cervical dystonia. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2016;158:171-80. discussion 180
47. Kiss ZH, Doig-Beyaert K, Eliasziw M, Tsui J, Haffenden A, Suchowersky O; Functional and Stereotactic Section of the Canadian Neurosurgical Society; Canadian Movement Disorders Group. The Canadian multicentre study of deep brain stimulation for cervical dystonia. Brain 2007;130(Pt 11):2879-86
48. Alterman RL, Miravite J, Weisz D, Shils JL, Bressman SB, Tagliati M. Sixty hertz pallidal deep brain stimulation for primary torsion dystonia. Neurology 2007;69:681-8
49. Alterman RL, Shils JL, Miravite J, Tagliati M. Lower stimulation frequency can enhance tolerability and efficacy of pallidal deep brain stimulation for dystonia. Mov Disord 2007;22:366-8
50. Khoo HM, Kishima H, Hosomi K, Maruo T, Tani N, Oshino S, et al. Low-frequency subthalamic nucleus stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized clinical trial. Mov Disord 2014;29:270-4
51. Grill WM Jr, Mortimer JT. The effect of stimulus pulse duration on selectivity of neural stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1996;43:161-6
52. Kühn AA, Brandt SA, Kupsch A, Trottenberg T, Brocke J, Irlbacher K, et al. Comparison of motor effects following subcortical electrical stimulation through electrodes in the globus pallidus internus and cortical transcranial magnetic stimulation. Exp Brain Res 2004;155:48-55
53. Vercueil L, Houeto JL, Krystkowiak P, Lagrange C, Cassim F, Benazzouz A, et al; Spidy GROUP (French Pallidal stimulation Group for dystonia). Effects of pulse width variations in pallidal stimulation for primary generalized dystonia. J Neurol 2007;254:1533-7
54. DeLong MR, Wichmann T. Basal ganglia circuits as targets for neuromodulation in Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol 2015;72:1354-60
55. Follett KA, Weaver FM, Stern M, Hur K, Harris CL, Luo P, et al; CSP 468 Study Group. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 2010;362:2077-91
56. Odekerken VJ, Boel JA, Schmand BA, de Haan RJ, Figee M, van den Munckhof P, et al; NSTAPS study group. GPi vs STN deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: three-year follow-up. Neurology 2016;86:755-61
57. Collomb-Clerc A, Welter ML. Effects of deep brain stimulation on balance and gait in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic neurophysiological review. Neurophysiol Clin 2015;45:371-88
60. Follett KA, Torres-Russotto D. Deep brain stimulation of globus pallidus interna, subthalamic nucleus, and pedunculopontine nucleus for Parkinson’s disease: which target? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012;18 Suppl 1:S165-7
62. Ramirez-Zamora A, Ostrem JL. Globus pallidus interna or subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: a review. JAMA Neurol 2018;75:367-72
63. Wong JK, Cauraugh JH, Ho KWD, Broderick M, Ramirez-Zamora A, Almeida L, et al. STN vs. GPi deep brain stimulation for tremor suppression in Parkinson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019;58:56-62
66. Huh R, Song IU, Chung M. Neuropsychological consequences of pallidal deep brain stimulation altering brain networks. J Clin Neurosci 2018;54:50-6